Bacterial biofilms and disease PowerPoint Presentation

Bacterial biofilms and ailment - PowerPoint Presentation Example Diverse bacterial species explicitly connect to various surfaces and could total with different species or a mix of animal categories. The association and structure of biofilms are detailed. Channels are available for the flow of supplements. The various areas show distinctive articulation of qualities, highlighting useful heterogeneity. Sessile or connected biofilm networks can offer ascent to nonsessile organisms that can quickly increase and scatter. In this way, bacterial biofilms are not handily killed by regular anti-microbial treatment, which can prompt incessant bacterial contaminations. Some biofilms have advantageous impacts, for example the anticipation of colonization of tissues by exogenous pathogens (colonization opposition). Biofilms forestall pathogen colonization is because of the creation of acids, hydrogen peroxide, biosurfactants. Now and again, the vanishing of defensive biofilm shows the nearness exogenous pathogens. Dental plaque, found on teeth surface likewise secures by a similar component. The expansion of biofilms in specific cases can result in biofilm that can cause clinical illnesses, for example, caries, gum disease, and periodontitis. Beside oral contaminations, utilization of implantable clinical gadgets and impedance in the individual’s have guard system results in biofilm maladies. Intense contaminations can be dealt with successfully with anti-toxins aside from those that are brought about by anti-toxin safe strains. In any case, numerous irresistible illnesses are brought about by bacterial species by microscopic organisms that are basic in the earth or are living in the human bodies. Notwithstanding, the greater part of the irresistible illnesses that influence gently undermined people include bacterial species that are commensal with the human body or are normal in our surroundings. Surfaces of clinical gadgets that are utilized in diagnosing or rewarding bacterial diseases can hold the nearness of ooze encased microorganisms (Table 1 and Figure 2). Constant bacterial contaminations that are

Improving Training and Development at Mersey NHS Essay

Improving Training and Development at Mersey NHS - Essay Example The paper tells that E. Wayne Hart in his ASTD introduction Developing a Coaching Culture accepts that inspiration and relationship the executives are emphatically integrated with instructing capacities, expressing that the objectives of preparing as training are to persuading advancement and improved execution; cost investment funds over utilizing outer mentors; self as well as other people centered, in a way that is surveying, testing and supporting. An arrangement for preparing and advancement and execution will have two centers, the first towards improving inspiration in the working environment, and the second to build connections in the group elements. A decent program can viably engage workers by conveying the two objectives and an emotionally supportive network. This will enable workers to construct associations with each other and to manufacture associations with administrative staff. As indicated by David Beswick of the University of Melbourne: †Mangers by and large, a nd anybody officially or casually answerable for oversight of other people who are occupied with work or learning undertakings, will know that a few people are taking an interest more out of enthusiasm for the assignment than others are†. It gets imperative to keep on expanding upon the solid individual and inspirational strategies that are as of now being utilized, and with that Mersey NHS must discover more noteworthy persuasive procedures to promote natural rewards that are not compensatory. It is additionally suggested that administration individuals inside administration start to offer more noteworthy measures of positive helpers inside their groups because of the negative reactions in authority and compensatory inspirations.

Extrapyramidal Side Effects From Medication

Extrapyramidal Side Effects From Medication Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Extrapyramidal Side Effects From Medication By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 28, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 04, 2020 Photodisc/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis Extrapyramidal side effects are a group of symptoms that can occur in people taking antipsychotic medications.?? They are more commonly caused by typical antipsychotics, but can and do occur with any type of antipsychotic. Antidepressants and other medications can sometimes cause extrapyramidal side effects as well. Overview Extrapyramidal function refers to our motor control and coordination, including being able to not make movements we dont want to make. Extrapyramidal side effects from medications are serious and may include:?? Akathisia, which is a feeling of restlessness, making it hard to sit down or hold still. Symptoms include tapping your fingers, rocking, and crossing and uncrossing your legs.Parkinsonism, which means you have the same symptoms as someone with Parkinsons disease, but your symptoms are caused by medications, not by the disease. These symptoms may include tremor, slower thought processes, slower movements, rigid muscles, difficulty speaking and facial stiffness.Tardive dyskinesia, which is when you have uncontrollable facial movements such as sucking or chewing, lip-smacking, sticking your tongue out or blinking your eyes repeatedly.Dystonia, which is when your muscles involuntarily contract and contort. This can lead to painful positions or movements.   Diagnosis The diagnosis of extrapyramidal symptoms often takes place when family members begin to notice that you are having difficulties. For this reason, it is important that the people close to you are aware of the potential for these effects and what to watch out for.   During your evaluation, your doctor may want to speak to your family members about the type of symptoms they have observed.   Treatment Treatment of these symptoms depends upon the medication that induced them and which symptoms you have.?? Your doctor may try decreasing your dose or switching your medication altogether to one that has been shown to have fewer extrapyramidal side effects. Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed to help counteract extrapyramidal side effects, as are anti-parkinsonism drugs called anticholinergics. Antipsychotics block dopamine, which is what causes the extrapyramidal side effects in the first place. Anticholinergics increase dopamine so it becomes leveled out in your system. Typical Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics are the first generation of antipsychotics and are more likely to have extrapyramidal side effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved these typical antipsychotics:?? Thorazine (chlorpromazine)Inapsine (droperidol)Prolixin (fluphenazine)Haldol (haloperidol)Loxitane (loxapine)Trilafon (perphenazine)Orap (pimozide)Compazine (prochlorperazine)Navane (thiothixene)Mellaril (thioridazine)Stelazine (trifluoperazine) Atypical Antipsychotics Atypical antipsychotics ?are the newer second-generation of antipsychotics. If you are experiencing extrapyramidal side effects on one of the older, atypical antipsychotics, your doctor may switch you to one of these. FDA-approved atypical antipsychotics include:?? Abilify (aripiprazole)Saphris (asenapine)Clozaril (clozapine)Fanapt (iloperidone)Zyprexa (olanzapine)Invega (paliperidone)Seroquel (quetiapine)Risperdal (risperidone)Geodon (ziprasidone) How Doctors Choose Between an Atypical and Typical Antipsychotic Side Effects Typical Antipsychotics Beyond extrapyramidal side effects, these are the most common side effects of typical antipsychotics:?? Drowsiness and feeling sleepyFeeling agitatedDry mouthBlurred visionMenstrual abnormalitiesHypotension, which is when your blood pressure suddenly dropsSexual difficultiesFeeling like your mind has slowed downUpset stomachDiarrhea or constipationVomitingHeartburnDifficulty sleeping These effects may go away in time, but if they dont or you find them bothersome, be sure to contact your doctor. Atypical Antipsychotics Other than extrapyramidal side effects, these are the most common side effects of atypical antipsychotics: ConstipationRashDizzinessHigher body temperatureHeadacheFaster heartbeatDrowsinessStuffy nose or a runny noseDroolingDifficulty sleepingProblems urinating These effects may go away in time, but if they dont or you find them bothersome, be sure to contact your doctor. Pros and Cons of Discontinuing Your Medication If you do experience extrapyramidal symptoms, you might wonder if you should stop taking your medication. If you are having such symptoms, you should start by talking to your doctor. Often the only way to address extrapyramidal effects is to try different drugs, to try lower doses of the medication, or to switch to another medication.   Depending on what type of antipsychotic drug you are taking, your doctor may also prescribe other medications to help treat the extrapyramidal side effects. Determining whether you continue your medication is often a process of weighing the benefits of the drug and the risks of no longer taking it against the severity and effects of your extrapyramidal. You may choose to live and cope with some side effects rather than risk losing the benefits of the medication. This is a decision that you should only make by talking to your doctor. Never stop taking your medication or reduce your dosage on your own. Discontinuing your medication may cause symptoms of your condition to return or worsen.   If your extrapyramidal symptoms are severe, you may work with your doctor to find another treatment option that will work for you. A Word From Verywell Discontinuing medication without consulting your doctor can lead to complications and side effects. If you are experiencing any troubling side effects from your medication, consult your doctor to discuss the next steps. Your doctor can recommend options that can treat and reduce extrapyramidal symptoms.

The Ethics Of An Organization - 2061 Words

Leadership is a prerequisite for producing an ethical corporate culture. It represents a relationship between a leader and his subordinates within an organization and it describes how individuals should or ought to conduct themselves in that organization. Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell (2015) define leadership as â€Å"the ability or authority to guide and direct others toward a goal† (p.311). Leadership has a significant impact on ethical decision making because leaders have the power to motivate others and enforce the organization’s norms, policies, and viewpoints. Leaders are central to influencing an organizations corporate culture and ethical posture (Alshammari, Almutairi Thuwaini 2015; Mihelic, Lipenik Tekavcic 2010). Define and Discuss Ethical Leadership In order to influence an organizations ethical posture, understanding the definition of ethics is imperative. Ethics is a philosophical term meaning â€Å"custom† or â€Å"character†. It is associated with â€Å"describing and prescribing moral requirements and behaviors† which implies that there is a standard when of conducting oneself. (Mihelic, et. al 2010, p. 32) Ethical conduct or behavior is defined as behavior which is morally accepted as â€Å"good† and â€Å"right† as opposed to â€Å"bad† or â€Å"wrong† depending on the circumstances (Simms 1992). Ethical Leadership is the process of motivating employees through values, principles and beliefs that significantly border on the conventional norms in the organization. It reflects theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of An Organization1422 Words   |  6 Pagesimmoral, illegal or illegitimate practices is referred to as whistleblowing. Whenever used in the context of an organization, whistleblowing is a controversial issue. The case study that I choose to talk about is one that happened in May of 2002. A woman by the name of Coleen Rowley, who works for the FBI, testified to the senate and the 9/11 Commission about how the FBI’s internal organization mishandled information related to the Twin Tower attacks. Rowley claims that one of her fellow FBI agent’s contactedRead MoreThe Ethics Of An Organization912 Words   |  4 Pagesunethical about an organization either to the general public or the top management of the organization. One of the key characteristics of a whistlebl ower is courage. So as to survive the war, whistleblowers must be fearless and courageous since the battle between them and the organization might last for an extended period. Whistleblowers are also known, to be honest individuals who stand by the truth. They are expected to provide correct unethical practices of an organization. Another essential characteristicRead MoreEthics and Organization2228 Words   |  9 PagesBuilding an Ethical Organization Jennifer Joyner HSM/230 March 19, 2011 Rachel Smith Building an Ethical Organization The organization of Young Teen Moms is new to the community and wants to reach out and provide a safe place for young moms. I take my new position as the director of the organization very seriously and want to share my input and values of what I think the organization can benefit from. I also would appreciate receiving feedback from every employee on new policiesRead MoreThe Ethics Of An Organization1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe subject of morals is covered inside the money related operations of different organizations. The term moral alludes to the arrangement of good standards by which individuals behave by and by, socially, or professionally. In the business aspect the term business morals alludes to the use of the ethical compass to the vital and operational administration of the business (Velasquez and Velazquez, 2002). Official remuneration is an integral part of any business. The part of repaying the officialRead MoreThe Ethics Of An Organization2949 Words   |  12 PagesAn Ethics Manual: All Principles Described Welcome to LN, Inc.! We hope as you continue embarking as an industrial/organizational psychologist within our practice, the value of utmost importance is being familiarized with our company policies, in conjunction with the standard American Psychological Association (APA) ethical mandates of critical domain. As you may already know, all psychologists must be extremely cognizant of client/patient well-being. Moreover, though, questions you may haveRead MoreEssay on Organization Ethics1201 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Issues Are Major Concern Every organization has a set of ethical standards that they abide by. The organization ethical standards purposes: it build the organization confidence in the community , keep the employees uniformed in what the organization strive to have as organizational behaviors and help the employees have guidelines to make ethical decisions that protects the organization. Every organization also has a profession responsibility to conduct business honestlyRead MoreEthics and Profits of an Organization843 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Ethics and profits Introduction Any organization that is business oriented is in place to realize profits. Most of the corporations in the United States that are in existence were started on the basis of profit making. This means that the main reason why the corporations exist is so that the owners can get returns from their investment. Business ethics involves the application of ethics to business behavior and the decision making process in the business setting. The connection between businessRead MoreEthics And Values Of An Organization818 Words   |  4 PagesThe ethics and values that an Organizational Development (OD) professional follow are based on three philosophical principles. The three principles help to build the foundation of ethical values are utilitarianism, individual rights and distributive justice. Utilitarianism is defined as doing the greatest good for the greatest number (South University Online, 2015, para. 3). Individual rights incorporates the rights that each individual has that should be respected (South University Online, 2015Read MoreOrganization Structure and Ethics3565 Words   |  15 PagesOrganizational Structure Introduction Every organization needs to decide how to divide its work or activities, how to coordinate all work – related activities and how to control these activities to ensure that goals are achieved. The organization must consider its external environment and the internal systems and processes used to transform inputs to outputs. A manager of any organization must ensure consistency between the structure of the organization, the scale of its operations, the tasks at handRead MoreThe importance of ethics in an organization.2833 Words   |  12 PagesThe term ethics can commonly refer to the rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct of individuals (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2003, p.150). Ethical Behavior is accepted as right or good in the context of a governing moral code. Ethics can be viewed as a way of behaving that can be prescribed and imposed by the work environment (Garcia-Zamor, 2003). Virtually all societies have developed rules and regulations about how business should be transacted and how business

The Process Of Learning For Read Can Be Difficult For...

The process of learning to read can be difficult for young children. Teachers require knowledge and understanding of the reading process as well as skills to teach children skills and strategies to become a successful reader. Using a balanced approach to teaching children reading skills and strategies, teachers start with explicit instruction before gradually giving students responsibility and independence in using these strategies for reading. Teachers must understand the importance of oral language, vocabulary, concepts of print, phonemic awareness, phonics and comprehension within the reading process to ensure that children are well equipped with these elements prior to learning to read. Knowledge and understanding of these concepts give teachers the skills to teach children to read. One of the most language-rich experiences young children have is through play. When children play they are exploring their environment, using their imagination or imitating scenarios they may have seen in playing shop, schools or ‘mums and dads.’ These experiences provide children with engaging opportunities for literacy development when exposed to language experiences that allow them to learn new words, talk about what they can see with peers and adults, tell stories and ask questions. Konza (2011), states â€Å"early oral language and literacy experiences help them tune into the sounds of their language and prepare them for learning to read.†(p. 2) Play encourages children to experiment withShow MoreRelatedEssay about Use of Multiple Stretegies to Teach Literacy 1150 Words   |  5 PagesLiteracy is the term used when talking about the ability to read and write. It leads to success in K-12 school, post-secondary school, the ability to compete in the job market, and participation in democratic process (Wei, Blackorby, Schiller, 2011). Teaching young children how to read and write however is a very complex process that requires a teacher to employ a myriad of strategies to help students. When a teacher takes into consideration all the different abilities in a classroom having multipleRead MoreTeaching Methods For An Educator1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe ability to read is the utmost significant factor behind a child’s educational outcome, thus for an educator to impart the skills of literacy on to a student is the most important aspect of primary school education. The art of reading is a multifaceted process that expands on spoken language, it requires the mastering of a progressive set of skills which nurture a phonemic and Phonological awareness, builds a proficiency in decoding competencies and requires the capability to implement comprehensionRead MoreThe Theory Of Reading Difficulties1665 Words   |  7 Pagesneurological imp airment and had faced reading challenges. He noticed that many adults who were unable to properly read were frequently observing the words in the wrong order. In 1887, the term â€Å"dyslexia† replaced â€Å"word blindness† when a German ophthalmologist used the Greek translation of â€Å"difficulty with words†. The word dyslexia comes from the Greek root â€Å"dys† which translates to difficult or inadequate, and â€Å"lexis† means language. Many people believed that dyslexia was caused by a visual processingRead MoreField Research Paper Education During Infancy1531 Words   |  7 PagesField Research Paper Education during Infancy The most important stages in an individual’s life begins at the early development stage through infancy. During this stage, cognitive and emotional development body, along with physical growth during this process. Cognition development is necessary through this phase as it gathers information and deciphers it correctly. During this phase, the person focuses on detail and attempts to describe person, place, or object. The infant observes and portrays informationRead MoreField Research Paper Education During Infancy1516 Words   |  7 PagesField Research Paper Education during Infancy The most important stages in an individual’s life begins at the early development stage through infancy. During this stage, cognitive and emotional development body, along with physical growth during this process. Cognition development is necessary through this phase as it gathers information and deciphers it correctly. During this phase, the person focuses on detail and attempts to describe person, place, or object. The infant observes and portrays informationRead MoreTeaching Effective Reading Instruction And Key Reading Skills1692 Words   |  7 Pagesreading skills, though children may not always have opportunities in order to benefit to the full extent. The main approach to teaching effective reading instruction can be broken down into two definitions; â€Å"Systematic instruction reflects several important characteristics. Skills and concepts are taught in a planned, logically progressive sequence† (A Closer Look at the Five Essential Components of Effective Rea ding Instruction, n.d.). Whereas explicitly taught instruction can be defined as †the teacherRead MoreLanguage And The Common Core State Standards881 Words   |  4 PagesELL programs in schools. Purpose sequenced, and form focuses, it first teach words that children will use most frequently, paying special attention to grammatical correctness. For example, students initially begin by learning the verb be, because verbs are present in every sentence. â€Å"Be† would be taught and practiced in its simple present form first, and then as students master it they would move on to learning its variant forms. The article says, lessons in this type of sequence may vary a bit butRead MoreCommunication and Professional Relationships with Children, Young People, and Adults891 Words   |  4 Pagesroles of teachers is helping children to develop positive relationships with others. For children, this process involves learning cognitive skills while at school and learning how to wo rk and play in collaboration with others. In order for teachers to pass skills on communication and professional relationships with children, young people, and adults; they should be good role models. This involves demonstrating an understanding of the boundaries of information that can be communicated and the significanceRead MoreThe Literacy Crisis : A Very Prevalent Issue1676 Words   |  7 Pagesin basic skills, such as reading and writing. Sara Gilgore, a writer for Education Week, interviews two early learning experts, Lisa Guernsey and Michael H. Levine. Guernsey states that, â€Å"more than two-thirds of American 4th graders are not reading at grade level in this country† (Gilgore). It is important for children at young ages to start building basic literacy skills because as children get older it will be harder for them to learn. This in turn will affect the child’s ability to learn and comprehendRead MoreExplain Some Ways in Which Environment Can Be Structure d to Facilitate Communication in Children/ Young People with Slcn1631 Words   |  7 PagesExplain some ways in which environment can be structured to facilitate communication in children/ young people with SLCN Introduction. Speech, language and communication play a vital role in our lives. Without being able to talk to, and understand other people we can’t do things alike: Almost everything we do involves speech, language and or communication Children develop communication skills from birth. They rely on speech, language and communication to be able to learn at school and play

How Heat Is The Heat Source For Our World - 1513 Words

Our planet is powered by the sun, which serves as the main heat source for our world. It is from the sun that energy is transferred â€Å"through space and through the earth s atmosphere to the earth s surface† (â€Å"The Transfer of Heat Energy†, n.d.). When energy begins to warm our planet’s atmosphere and surface, some of that energy is considered to be heat energy. Specifically, there are three different methods in which our world uses to transfer heat into and throughout the atmosphere; these methods include conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat is considered to be thermal energy, and thus is able to be transferred from one place to another via conduction, convection, and radiation. It is important to note that â€Å"conduction and†¦show more content†¦The process of conduction can best be understood when it’s broken down into basic chemistry terminology. â€Å"The electrons in piece of metal can leave their atoms and move about in th e metal as free electrons† (BBC, n.d.). An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle; free electrons are not bound to the nucleus of an atom, therefore it is not attached to the atom at all. After the electrons in a piece of metal become unattached to their atoms and start to move around as free electrons, â€Å"the parts of the metal atoms left behind are now charged metal ions† (BBC, n.d.). An ion is defined as an atom or molecule that either loses or gains one or more electrons, thus leaving the ion with a net electric charge. Once the metal ions are the only part of the metal atom left behind, the ions are then crowded closely together as they begin to vibrate incessantly; the more kinetic energy these ion vibrations have, the hotter the metal becomes. Kinetic energy is simply the energy that arises when something is in motion. The kinetic energy given off by the vibrating ions is transferred from the â€Å"hot parts of the metal to cooler parts by the fr ee electrons; these move through the structure of the metal, colliding with ions as they go† (BBS, n.d.). Substances like non-metals and gases are typically very poor heat conductors; substances that are â€Å"poor conductors of heatShow MoreRelatedPreserving Our World with Solar Energy900 Words   |  4 PagesSolar energy is a way to restore and preserve our world. How wonderful it would be to use the suns energy to heat and cool our homes, power out cars and run the electricity to light our houses. This concept is getting closer to reality all the time. Solar energy is expensive on a large scale, but running lights and small appliances are now inexpensive. Small calculators and lights that are solar powered are accessable to everyone. God commissioned his children to take care of the earth in GenesisRead MoreAlternative Energy is the Solution to the Fossil Fuel Dilemma1366 Words   |  6 Pagesnations of the Middle East, and we will continue to damage our precious environment. Since the United States relies so heavily on fuel from the Middle East, the U.S. is subject to the will of those quarrelsome nations in order to maintain our fuel reserve. A shortage of oil can happen at any time and would cause an energy crisis that would hinder the United States. Another reason for us to substitute fossil fuels with alternative energy sources is that fossil fuels are hazardous to the environmentRead MoreEssay on Geothermal Energy1047 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the years electricity has become a source of energy that cannot seem to be replaced; however there are many different alternatives to this source of energy. One specific alternative is geothermal energy, which might be just as effective as electricity, but much less harmful to the environment. Electricity, although very helpful, produces fuels that might be harming not only our world, but our human society. To power electricity we must use fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gasRead MoreThe World Of Convection, Conduction, And Radiation1685 Words   |  7 PagesThe World of Convection, Conduction, and Radiation In our physical world, there are a multitude of phenomenon that occur daily that we experience that often go unnoticed. It contains a vast array of conceptual applications and the equations applied to them in order to better explain and calculate the phenomenon involved. In a normal occurrence an individual can explain and calculate certain aspects of movement and processes that are also involved with it. When dealing with the transferring of heatRead MoreA Brief Report On Fossil Fuels1328 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary Fossil fuels are used as a main source of energy all over the world, including Canada. The burning of fossil fuels is the world’s leading source of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is one of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. In residential construction, Canada has become aware of the effects of fossil fuels and is adopting a new way of building with an environmentally friendly green approach using Geothermal Energy Pump Systems. In residential homesRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects905 Words   |  4 Pagesindependent variables that are contributing to the cause of a problem the world is currently faced with, global warming. What is global warming? Well, global warming is a rise in the Earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect (which I will talk more about.) Which is when our ozone layer has a hole which gradually increases, and increases heat fr om the sun. This causes major problems such as the polar caps meltingRead MoreRenewable and Nonrewable Energy Resources Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesexists in many forms, such as: - Light - Heat - Electrical - Mechanical - Atomic - Chemical-etc. There are different types of energy resources. They go into two groups, which are Non-renewable and Renewable. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES ============================== Once non-renewable resources (natural resources) are consumed they cannot be replaced. 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The atomic battery generates electricity from a nuclear reaction, utilizing the radioactive decay of specific elements. The atomic battery is certainly not meant for households or as a source of common battery use, but rather powerful equipment needin g to run for long, extended periods. Atomic batteriesRead MoreSources Of Energy1062 Words   |  5 PagesWith increased additions of renewable sources in our existing infrastructure, major challenges are arising, as their supply is generally unstable and unpredictable. Too often, integrated renewable sources are curtailed and the energy is wasted for the safety of our existing electrical grid [1-6]. A logical solution would be to include large-scale energy storage systems, which would reduce the curtailment and increase the utilization of these clean sources, such as wind turbines and photovoltaics

Health Policy Is New Concept Altogether †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Health Policy Is New Concept Altogether? Answer: Introducation One Health Policy is new concept altogether. The policy will cover the sustainable interactions between the human, animal and the environment. Such sustainable interactions will conserve the bio-diversity and will preserve the equilibrium in between the species richness and species diversity. The policy will also try to prevent the reemergence of the fatal bacteria and virus borne disease via maintaining the equilibrium between the species level. Policy will also impose certain restriction in international trade and frequent international journey in order to prevent the transmission of the deadly viruses and bacteria from the immigrants (One Health Global Network 2017). The overall between the animal, human and wildlife will be addressed in the policy via observing two basic step: Try to resist the ever-expanding human population via implementing family planning. This will decrease the chances of human living in close contact with the wild and domestic animals. This decrease in the prevalence of the close contact survival will prevent the disease transmission between occurring in between human and animals. Prevent deforestation: It will conserve the equilibrium between the environments and will protect the natural resources from getting lost completely. The conservation of the environment leads to the conservation of the habitat, decreasing the probability of close contact survival (cdc.gov 2017). This policy must be established at the very basic level of government. Establishment and the application of the one health policy at the grass root level will help to achieve better outcome and will also promote sustainable use if the natural resources. Such sustainable use will further conserve the natural resources (Chatterjee et al 2016). One Medicine One Science (COMOS). It is established on the idea that the general biological processes that is underlying the health and the fatal diseases, share some common features. This concept will lead to the foundation that the medical knowledge and expertise in one species is equally relevant and applicable over the other species, which is distantly or closely related (Cardona et al 2015). References: Cardona, C., Travis, D.A., Berger, K., Coat, G., Kennedy, S., Steer, C.J., Murtaugh, M.P. and Sriramarao, P., 2015. Advancing one health policy and implementation through the concept of one medicine one science.Global Advances in Health and Medicine,4(5), pp.50-54. Cdc.gov. (2017).One Health Basics | One Health | CDC. [online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/index.html [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Chatterjee, P., Kakkar, M. and Chaturvedi, S., 2016. Integrating one health in national health policies of developing countries: Indias lost opportunities.Infectious diseases of poverty,5(1), p.87. One Health Global Network. (2017).What is One Health? - One Health Global Network. [online] Available at: https://www.onehealthglobal.net/what-is-one-health/ [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017].

How the DTC Major Supports Your Career Goals

The Experience of War essays

The Experience of War essays The nature of the Great War was one of horrible conditions the soldiers on the front line had to endure and the suffering of the civilian population at home. In the passage The Experience of War, we are given a first hand look into the conditions that both the soldier and the civilian had to go through during this difficult time. The letter from the soldier expresses his concern over the losses his regiment incurs as well as how the newspapers glorify what is happening on the battlefield. The excerpt from the diary of the Viennese women explains in detail the dilemma that the civilian population had to go through just to get a small serving of horsemeat and the civil unrest associated with it. World War I was an experience that educated all people on the home front as to the gruesome conditions that the soldiers had to go through during times of conflict. The media of the time presented the war as a romantic endeavour, an adventure that all men should not want to miss. This could not have been farther from the truth. Life in the trenches, on the front lines of the war was intolerable. Men sleeping in the wet mud, with little or no shelter, artillery smashing the earth all around you with their massive concussions and the whistle of bullets passing by your head. Death was an ever present thought which lingered in every soldiers mind. They were reminded of this constantly from the dead bodies that lay out of the trenches. The soldier in the passage has obviously accepted the fact that he is probably going to die when in the very first paragraph of the letter he bids farewell to all those that knew him as well as when he states that everybody must be prepared for death. Many soldiers tried to calm themselves about the prospect of death by saying that their life was in Gods hands and if they died, then it was not such a big deal since their soul belonged to God, suc...

Employee Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee Resourcing - Essay Example On the other hand, is the permissive autocrat who comes up with decisions in a unilateral manner but provides freedom to the employees to make their own decisions. Secondly is the paternalistic style which dictatorial but still prioritizes on the employee’s interests and those of the organization. The third management style is the democratic form where employees participate in the making of organizations decisions. Hence, everything depends on the majority. In this type there is extensive communication in all the directions. This kind of style is important when complex decisions are being made in organizations especially those that require improved complex skills. Finally is the laissez-faire kind of style where most decisions are made by the subordinates. The manager in most cases remains dormant on the managerial duties. This style is known to result in highly creative group of employees. However, it may also lead to staffs losing focus and sense of direction. This may inter fere with the company image. Employer’s ethics in recruitment and selection Several organizations have recognized the need to establish a process that is formal and standardized when conducting the recruitment and selection process. ... Hence, interviews have to be fair and equitable. The candidates are not only supposed to be asked several questions, rather are also suppose to be given an opportunity to express themselves. Notes taken during the interview should be used as evidence in making final decisions. At the of the interview process all the information should be kept confidential. All the paperwork used in whole process should be given to the chairman who is responsible for the whole process. The information of the candidates learned during the selection process should not be leaked to a third party without the candidate’s permission. The records of the candidate should not be used in for other purposes outside the recruitment and the selection process without the candidate’s permission. Normally files a kept for a period of six to twelve months and then destroyed. Problems with interviews Interviews are conducted by people who may be biased, inexperienced and corrupt. As a result it may be ext remely difficult to make a balanced decision based on facts on who to employ or not. Consequently, wrong people may be employed and this may result in choosing incompetent employees. Reasons for dismissal Employees and employers should treat each other with respect. Therefore, employees should conduct themselves in a manner that is consistent with good conduct and performance. On the other hand, employers should not dismiss their employees unfairly. There are well laid down procedures that are followed before an employee is dismissed in his or her work place. The procedure include; investigation to determine grounds for termination, inform or consult the trade union, give reasons for dismissal, and dispense

How do religion, culture and ethnicity affect the success or failure Essay

How do religion, culture and ethnicity affect the success or failure of a global enterprise and what factors could impact upon the decision making of the global entrepreneur - Essay Example These factors can lead to either the success or failure of the business. Consequently, a proper analysis of these factors and their impact on the day-to-day operations of the business is very fundamental in making the right decision as to invest or not to invest in a given venture overseas. A global business battles with a number of issues that end up affecting their efficiency in operations, as well as, the team spirit and motivation of its workers. As such, before setting up a business in a foreign market, a manager has to consider some of the aspects of business operations that may affect the efficiency of the business operations, the relationships within the organizational structure, and the team or group working. Proper management of the aspects that affect or influence these conditions would lead to the effective performance of the business, hence assured profitability and wealth maximization. The biggest headache of business managers setting up subsidiaries of their multinational corporations on foreign lands is how to deal best with issues relating to diversity and equality within their host country (Otter & Wetherly 2014:318). A foreign investment company meets various cases of diversity and equality in every new country that they set up shop, which also makes it imperative for the business manager to have proper knowledge of such requirements. The aspect of diversity in Human Resource Management (HRM) recognizes that people have a number of things that are common to each other. However, this does not mean that they are the same. Each person is different in his or her own unique way, and as such, these differences should not be the basis for their discrimination. Every member of the organization has the right to equal access to employment opportunities. This further goes to stipulate that when such an individual lands a job

Why Was The NHS Created?

Why Was The NHS Created? This essay will outline and discuss the creation of the National Health Service in England. It will focus on the events that contributed to the creation and development of the National Health Service. It will also investigate the extent that it was also opposed. The National Health Service was not as spontaneous and revolutionary as many historians had originally believed, as its origins and beginnings stretched back as far as to the eighteenth century. ..voluntary hospitals[] the sanitation revolution of the mid- nineteenth century [] and the first public housing, accompanied by the provision of isolated hospitals for smallpox and other infectious dieases.  [1]  These voluntary hospitals were the first types of medical institutes for the general public whereby groups of ill people would go to escape their everyday lives to try and recover from their illnesses. However the voluntary hospitals were not always easy to be admitted in to, which would have been very unnerving for the sick. voluntary hospitals could usually only be obtained by presentation of an order from a subscriber or governor.  [2]  This also meant that many people that needed medical treatment did not have access to it and thus had to turn to other types of treatmen t. The nursing profession was not highly respected at this time because of the jobs that it involved. There was also bad sanitation in these hospitals meaning that even if people were admitted there was a chance that they would die as a result of bad sanitation and not their illness alone. It was also at this time that there was an increase in the population of England, the voluntary hospitals did no cope with this increase well as they were under great strains because of this. The National Health Service (NHS) was formed in 1948. It initially advocated free medical care for all citizens of Britain regardless of wealth or class from the cradle to the grave. Its original structure consisted of a hospital service, primary care service as well as community services. However before the NHS was set up the majority of the population were required to pay for any medical treatment or care that they needed, this was problematic as the lower class citizens of Britain in particular found the price of these medical treatments increasingly difficult to pay for. This meant that they had little choice as to what they could do, they could either pay for the treatment which would mean that their household would be even worse off financially or to find other ways of treating their illness themselves. Even if they decided to pay for treatment, for serious illnesses it would have been unlikely that they would have survived, thus meaning that it was not always a wise choice to pay for their treatment. When the NHS was still only a theoretic idea, many people knew that something had to be done with the state of medical care and provisions within England. It was not until 1930 when the Poor Law Act was introduced that many of the poor were merely just sent to dispensaries to buy their medicine, which meant that the patients had no relationship with their doctor and were also not allowed a choice of doctor. This would have effected a lot of people as a relationship with their doctor would have been extremely important to them, more so if they were required to have on going treatment. Also for the medical profession, it would have been important for them to see the same patients to help with the effectiveness and reliability of medical care that the patients needed. The Poor Law Act was an important legislation that was passed as the health of the lower classes was incredibly bad until this time, and they received no health care benefits. Some attempts were made to alleviate sick paupers by outdoor relief and the attendance of parish doctors, but most Boards of Guardians found it cheaper and more convenient to admit them to a workhouse.  [3]  However this became difficult to conduct as too many people were being admitted to these workhouses. Even though the paupers were probably still able to work being in such a place would have been more detrimental to their health because they were not actually getting the medical attention they needed. In 1834 about 10,000 workhouse inmates needed medical care and the number had risen to over 50,000 in 1861.  [4]   The Boar War (1899-1902), World War One (1914-1918), as well as World War Two (1939-1945) could be said to have acted as a catalyst in the creation of the NHS. As the Boar war commenced, it was only too evident to the government how ill and unfit the British men were. Recruitment agents had to turn away the majority of men that came forward for the army as they were too unwell for the demands that the army would have put on them. rejecting about 60 per cent of military volunteers on grounds of stunted growth, rickets, poor eyesight, deformities and weight.  [5]  The conditions outlined were the result of malnurishment and was preventable. Fresh air, exercise and diet were seen as the best ways to elimate such conditions. The Government realised that they had to take measures to ensure that the health of Britain improved, as the country would not be able to perform well in war especially as Britain was a leading power in the world. As another way to help conquer these problems the Labour government implanted free school meals and milk for school children during the second world war. The National Health Insurance Act was introduced by Lloyd George in 1919. He wanted to make sure that lower paid workers were for the first time able to receive medical care. From this moment forward a large range of legislations were passed in relation to and in preparation for a health system for all. It was not until 1929 as part of the Local Government Act, that poor law hospitals were replaced with municipal hospitals that could only be used for taxpayers and paupers were no longer welcome. These hospitals were far from being sophisticated and luxurious, in fact they were no better than poor law hospitals. Many of the larger councils such as London were doing well as they had a constant flow of patients mainly due to larger numbers of people located in the city than in the rural areas, however this was not the case for all councils around England. A large number of the smaller councils were struggling with finance issues, as they were located in rural areas whereby there were not enough patients to use the service and make it efficient. The Kings Fund and the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, as protectors of hospitals realised that there was a problem that they these hospitals would not survive until they became more efficient. It could be argued that the on-set of world war two contributed to the formation of the NHS. It was important for military casualties to be treated effectively whilst Britain was at war. As a result of this the Emergency Medical Scheme (EMS) was set up in 1939 in anticipation of the major casualties that would be present during war time. The EMS was originally responsible for the casualties of servicemen at war. Hospitals were set up to cater for different kinds of injuries such as fractures, and those requiring plastic surgery and burns. However as the number of civilian casualties rose, the scheme extended its service to cater for victims of war such as those injured in domestic blitz attacks, as there were not as many military casualties as was expected. It was at this time that voluntary hospitals were thriving, however in the war years this posed a problem, as the hospitals began to find it increasingly difficult to get funding. They were also located randomly around the country , thus meaning that many ill patients were not able to be treated. The experience that was gained by the formation of the EMS was used as an example of what could be achieved. It could therefore be said that this was one of the first ideas and positive movements towards a national medical service. It was Walter Elliott, the present minister, who first suggested that government should look at a state run hospital service, rather than the Emergency Hospital Scheme which they already had. The Beveridge report was released on 1st December 1942, this focused on social insurance and allied services. Beveridge wanted to ensure that the people of Britian were well cared for and no longer confined to awful conditions. The main ideas in this report outlined the beginnings of a welfare state, he also believed that the Government should eradicate the Five Giant Evils of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness.  [6]  It was to be fully financed by insurance contributions, however private treatment would still be available. It was in this report that Beveridge proclaimed the need for a health service, however he was not precise and no detailed plans were explained. It has been argued that idea of this report becoming implemented resulted in a landslide voting for the Labour party in the 1945 elections. People believed that it would be a success and were eager for it to be introduced. However this changed notions of laissez faire. Clement Atlee was elected Prime Minister after the Labour Party defeated Winston Churchills Conservative Party in 1945. It was at this time that Atlee implemented the idea of the Welfare State, which included a National Health Service and Social Security. The Minister of Health Anuerin Bevan was appointed the role of conducting the service. A National insurance scheme was also set up by Lloyd George in 1911. People in work still had to make contributions each week, as well as employers, but the benefits provided were now much greater. When the NHS was finally started on 5th July 1948 as part of the National Insurance Scheme, The English society had just come out of a major war and were therefore used to having little and thus were content with the simplicity of the health service and saw it as an improvement. The NHS advocated many sanctions including, free general practioners and patient care for all, nationalisation of hospitals, as well as the capitation of general practictioners. It was funded entirely by public taxations. This was a great relief for the poor. The poor gained access to doctors and a range of treatments previously beyond their means, and no longer needed to worry economically about illness or injury.  [7]  However this soon changed in 1951 when charges were imposed for prescriptions, teeth and spectacles. There were many successes as well as failures with the NHS as a whole. It promoted medical technology and advancement of drugs such as penicillin which on the other hand was over used during this period. Infant mortality was reduced as a result of women being able to give birth in clean sanitised areas. There were no longer restrictions for who could be treated. However, the NHS had many problems with finance as overspending was a regular occurance. The NHS budget ed for one million pounds for opticians, but within a year 5.25 million spectacle prescriptions  [8]   There was much opposition to the National Health Service even before it was officially set up. Doctors in particular were deeply displeased, they were worried that as a result of standardisation they would ultimately lose money for their profession. Many of the medical professionals relied on visiting private patients and were not treating people in the hospital. Margret Grieve a midwife worked in Dumfries she explained why the other doctors were concerned with a move towards a universal service. there was apprehension about being employed by the government. I remember the consultants talking about it. Most of them earned only a pittance from their hospital work, so they depended on private patients for their living, and they were afraid of losing that. The private patients did not want it either. But the ones coming back from the war were happy with the NHS, because they did not have the private patients.  [9]  The BMA (British Medical Association) believed that the move towards a salarised service would pose a threat to clinical freedom. The BMA were serious about what they believed and made a stand. They told their members not to conform to the Act, and asked them to sign a petition in agreement that they would refuse to serve until the government accepted almost conditions put forward by their council.  [10]  The BMA were probably the most powerful organisation to oppose the NHS as without doctors, the NHS would not have been able to run and ultimately survive. The Minister of Health said that, until the autumn of 1947,there had been some prospect that the medical profession as a whole would willingly accept the scheme for a National Health Service, and many leading members of the profession were still favourably disposed to it.  [11]  There was conflict between the medical professions and government up until the NHS act was passed in 1948, in April of the same year it looked unpromising that the doctors would even join. Doctors representatives and most Tory policitians sought secure funding for hospitals, but were unwilling to see the prestigious charity hospitals subordinated in an extension of local authority services.  [12]   Only the most senior doctors in hospitals (consultants) were allowed to continue private treatment.  [13]  Churches and Charities also feared that they would be forced to become nationalised and would become inclusive of the NHS plans. However in due time the BMA had no choice but to release its members from their agreements as the professionals had began joining the NHS, had resigned from the BMA and therefore were not taking any notice of the BMA advice. Resignations from the BMA increased every month during the second half of 1912.  [14]  Bevan had to compromise a lot for the BMA, he allowed GPs and consultants to continue to run their private practises as well as an increased salary for consultants and nurses. The professionals also began to realise that by not going the NHS they would become less financially stable. Bevan did all he could do and gave them offers that they could not refuse. I stuffed their mouths with gold.  [15]  In effect Bevan compromised with the BMA, by making the NHS sound appealing to them. However the Conservation party also were not fully accepting of the service and the labour party were also divided over the direction of a health service, Herbert Morrison believed that the service should not be run by the government but by the local councils. However this went against what Bevan was advocating, as it defeated the object that the service was to be universal. There was no necessarily a lot of opposition to the National Health Service, but the main opposition being the BMA was the largest and the most significant, as without professionals it would not have been able to function. Bevan saw this as a challenge.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Religion Essay examples -- Mental Il

Obsessive Disorder and Religion Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) affects up to 2.1% of adults and features pervasive and intrusive thoughts that lead to repetitive uncontrollable behaviors aimed to reduce anxiety (APA, 2000). Further, these thoughts and behaviors impede and disrupt daily living and cause marked distress in the lives of the sufferer. The recurrent thoughts often center on fear of contamination, harming self or others, and illness (Himle, Chatters, Taylor, and Nguyen, 2011). Those who experience the compulsive behaviors associated with OCD report feeling as though they cannot stop or control the urge to perform the compulsive behavior and that the urge is alien or from outside conscious control. Behaviors often involve washing the hands or body, repeatedly checking, and mental acts such as counting and repeated prayers. (Himle, Chatters, Taylor, and Nguyen, 2011) According to Obsessive-Compulsive Working Group (1997, 2001, as cited by Abramowitz, Deacon, Woods, and Tolin, 2004) OCD can be classifi ed into six domains. The domains include inflated responsibility, beliefs about the importance of thoughts, importance of controlling thoughts, overestimation of threats, intolerance of uncertainty, and perfectionism. Inflated responsibility involve excessive feelings of responsibility for actions seen as harmful or failing to take action to prevent harm, whereas the domain of importance of thought involved attributing excessive authority or power to unwanted thoughts and beliefs. Similarly, the importance of controlling thoughts entailed the belief that one should be in control of every thought at all times. The unrealistic belief that unlikely events will always occur and bring with them extreme consequences characte... ...rurinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., & Pargament, K. I. (2009). Community attitudes towards culture-influenced mental illness: Scrupulosity vs. nonreligious OCD among Orthodox Jews. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(8), 949–958. doi:10.1002/jcop.20341 Rosmarin, D. H., Pirutinsky, S., & Siev, J. (2010). Recognition of scrupulosity and non-religious OCD by Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jews. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 930–944. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8.930 Siev, J., Baer, L., & Minichiello, W. E. (2011). Obsessive†compulsive disorder with predominantly scrupulous symptoms: Clinical and religious characteristics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(12), 1188–1196. doi:10.1002/jclp.20843 Yossifova, M., & Loewenthal, K. M. (1999). Religion and the judgment of obsessionality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 2(2), 145–151. doi:10.1080/13674679908406343

F1 Strategic Capabilities

LSMF 2015 – Management Strategique de la Technologie et de l’Innovation Seance # 4 — 1 LSMF 2015 Plan de la seance F1 – What it’s all about Strategic Capabilities Case Study Application: – – – What do you need in order to succeed in F1? Sustainable Competitive Advantage Why where they unable to keep their advantages? Conclusion et Discussion 2 LSMF 2015 1 F1 – What it’s all about History: 4 key moments 1945: FIA established Formula A as the premier level of motorsport 1950: A driver’s World Championship was introduced 1958: A constructor’s World Championship was introduced 1960: From a  « car test  » concept to a  « specialized business  » History: Big Names Juan Manuel Fangio (Champion in 1951-1954-1955-1956-1957) Nicky Lauda (Champion in 1975-1977-1984) Alain Prost (Champion in 1985-1986-1989-1993) Ayrton Senna (Champion in 1988-1990-1991) Michael Schumacher (Champion in 1994-1995-2000-2001-2002-2003-2004) 3 Next big champion? LSMF 2015 F1 – What it’s all about History: Last 10 world champions 2000 – 2004: Michael Schumacher (Ferrari) 2005 – 2006: Fernando Alonso (Renault) 2007: Kimi Raikonen (Ferrari) 2008: Lewis Hamilton (McLaren/Mercedes) 2009: Jenson Button (Brawn/Mercedes) History: Belgian in Formula 1 22 belgian drivers were at least once at the start of a F1 Grand Prix Thierry Boutsen: 1983-1993 (wins 3 races) Jacky Ickx: 1967-1979 (wins 8 races) Next? Jerome d’Ambrosio – Reserve Driver for Renault F1 in 2010 Bertrand Baguette – IndyCar Series for 2010 LSMF 2015 2 F1 – What it’s all about †¢ F1 season from March to November †¢ 24 drivers in 12 teams will run 19 races †¢ 2 Championships (Driver and Constructor) †¢ New rules every year (e. g. Points Awarded System in 2010) †¢ Sources of Revenue: Sponsorship and Prize money †¢ FOA (Formule One Administration) role consists in dividing up the royalties from medi a coverage and other revenues †¢ Motorsport Valley in Oxford, UK. 5 LSMF 2015 F1 – What it’s all about 6 LSMF 2015 3 F1 – Application What do you need in order to succeed in F1? In terms of resources and competences†¦ 7 LSMF 2015 F1 – Application Why do you think your team was successful during this period? 1. 2. 3. 4. Ferrari in the 1970’s McLaren and Honda in the 1980’s Williams in the 1990’s Ferrari between 1999 and 2003 LSMF 2015 8 4 F1 – Application Which of these resources and competences can be considered as a source of sustainable competitive advantage? 9 LSMF 2015 Capabilities for Sustainable Competitive Advantage We usually use 4 factors to identify which capabilities might provide a competitive advantage: 1. 2. 3. Value Rarity Create values for the customers Are rare Inimitable Through complexity, culture and history, and causal ambiguity (= difficulty to discern the causes and the effects underpinning an organisation advantage) Non-substituability cfr. Substitutes in the 5 forces analysis 4. 10 LSMF 2015 5 F1 – Application The answer is†¦ None ! 11 LSMF 2015 F1 – Application Why were they unable to sustain this success? What could they have done? 12 LSMF 2015 6

Market Share Essay Example For Free At Magic Help - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2540 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? The objective of this essay is to examine the current marketing strategy and marketing activities of one of the big 4 supermarkets in the United Kingdom with particular reference to the adverse effect produced by low cost competitors entering the market. For this purpose, Tesco has been selected. Tesco represents one of Britains largest and most profitable supermarket, which overtook ASDA in 1995 and continued to increase its market share through the years (Corporate Watch, 2004; Ruddick, 2015). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Market Share Essay Example For Free At Magic Help" essay for you Create order In addition, Tesco was the first supermarket to (1) introduce value lines and cost effective price range of its own-label products and (2) present the first company loyalty card on the market (Corporate Watch, 2004). Therefore, it becomes plausible to suggest that the company is an excellent choice for a marketing strategy analysis in the current declining grocery retail environment of British brands. The structure of this essay is as follows: (1) a brief overview of Tescos generic marketing strategy, (2) an in-depth evaluation of the supermarkets existent marketing actions and tactics with the aid of the its marketing mix, (3) the impact of low cost competitors, (4) recommendations and suggestions for improvement, and (5) a summary of the main findings. The supermarkets broad market strategy can be categorised as market penetration and cost leadership. Firstly, market penetration has been defined by Ansoff (1957) to explain one of four business growth strategies. The strategy ref ers to involves attracting new customers, often achieved by gaining competitors customer base(s), in order to increase sales. Furthermore, Farris et al. (2010) identify two important metrics of market penetration penetration rate and penetration share. On the one hand, the penetration rate refers to the proportion of the relevant study population that has purchased the examined product category. On the other hand, the comparison between the brands customer shares with the markets overall customer population relates to penetration share. In relation to this, a key aspect in Tescos market strategy is attracting competitors customers (e.g. ASDA, Sainsbury, Morrisons), which is evidenced by its increased market penetration rate and share from 7.2% in 1971 to its peak in 2007 when Tesco accounted for 31.1% of the total UK grocery market share (Economics Help, 2014). In addition, according to data from March the current market share of Tesco is 28.7%, which positions the company as a mar ket share leader in the British groceries industry, however, this figure has decreased from the previous financial years (Kantar, 2015). Secondly, before the introduction of discount supermarkets, the company focused on cost leadership, which represents one of the three generic strategies devised by Porter (1980). Cost leadership relates to increasing ones market share through attracting price sensitive customers and implementing an effective price strategy that enables the company to offer the lowest cost product offerings. Tesco successfully managed to maintain cost leadership through three actions before supermarkets like Aldi and Lidl entered the British grocery retail market. These actions were as follow: (1) high utilisation of assets, meaning that large outputs are produced and the fixed costs are spread over high quantities allowing the company to manufacture single units at lower costs; (2) minimal direct and indirect costs in the production and distribution stages; and (3) strict control over the supply chain to ensure low costs (Gamble et al., 2010). Thus, the cost leadership strategy was an appropriate approach for Tesco, because it represents a large company that is able to take advantage of the economies of scale in the market. Nevertheless, presently the company is unsuccessful in maintaining its cost leadership due to the strong presence of budget supermarkets. The following part of the essay will specifically focus on the Marketing mix of Tesco product, place, price, promotion, which provides a better understanding of the companys present marketing strategy. Firstly, Tesco offers its target segments a wide range of high quality products at affordable prices. The balance between affordability and quality as well as Tescos Clubcard helped the company attain a relatively high level of competitive advantage (Winterman, 2013). Some of its various product categories consist of food, consumer electronics, financial services and clothing. This is in consistency with the findings from a study on customer perceived value, where four separate dimensions emerged explaining customer attitudes and behaviours emotional, social, quality and value for money (Sweeney and Soutar, 2001). Similarly, FernÃÆ' ¡ndez and Iniesta-Bonillo (2007) found that customers evaluate relevant benefits and costs involved in a purchase based on economic and cognitive reasoning. Secondly, the place element of the marketing mix refers to the distribution of products in locations where customers purchase products and services. In relation to this, Tesco emphasises product and service distribution in two main locations online and offline. On the one hand, the online sales channel is directly linked to Tescos website Tesco Direct, which suits the specific needs of the online shoppers presenting them with various delivery options (Tesco Direct, 2015). On the other hand, the offline channel of distribution involves four different store formats Tesc o Express, Tesco Metro, Tesco Compact and Tesco Superstore (Tesco Official website, 2015). Furthermore, Tescos initial pricing strategy can be characterised as price leadership, which represented an oligopolistic business behaviour, where there are a few companies that dominate the market and determine the price range (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). The reason behind this price strategy adoption was the intense competition and other economic and behavioural factors in the British households i.e. cost conscious buyers (Business CafÃÆ' ©, 2009). Nonetheless, the company is no longer a price leader, but its pricing approach is still based on the marketing message Every Little Helps. In addition, Tesco is able to implement this strategy and remain to influence the retail market to a certain extent, because it evaluates and utilises the lowest cost materials for supply to achieve higher efficiency rates in the production processes. Fourthly, Tescos promotion comprises of a wide ra nge of media advertisements, regular announcements of promotions and discounts, point-of-sale marketing tactics, and sponsorships. These marketing activities are aligned with the companys generic strategy of cost leadership and support Tescos price advantage through profit maximisation in the long run as well as enhance the value of the brand. Hence, Tescos marketing communications are integrated to enable the company to better coordinate its mission, vision, objectives and interactivity with customers. With the aid of information technology advances (Zabkar et al., 2015). Integrated Marketing Communications were also found to generate a synergy effect through the integration of marketing activities, which also tremendously influences customers through different channels of communications reinforcing the same message (Ewing et al. 2015) Tesco has successfully managed to build loyalty in its customer segments through its most effective customer loyalty mechanism the Tesco Clubcard ( Tesco Clubcard, 2015). In relation to this, Hallowell (1996) found a direct correlation between customer satisfaction, loyalty and company profitability. Likewise, Lee-Kelley et al. (2003) suggest that customer retention tools not only aim to increase the companys profitability, but also establish long term relationships between sellers and buyers, which are fundamental to customer loyalty and also result in decreased levels of price sensitivity. Tescos marketing strategy, which comprises of cost leadership and market penetration, has been increasingly impacted by the presence of the foreign grocery store chains Aldi and Lidl as well as food commodity prices and the outcome of this has been continuous price cuts by Tesco to meet the customer demand for low cost product offerings (Butler and Wood, 2014). Furthermore, the authors suggest that further intensification of the market dynamics is caused by the growth of high street convenience stores and the rise of discounters (e.g. Po undland and BM), which is directly correlated to the altered consumer behaviour habits during the recession. In addition, business analysis of the current grocery retail market conditions suggest that Aldi and Lidls combined market share will increase to 12%-15% by 2020 (Allison, 2015). Nevertheless, according to a press release by KPMG (2014), it will be difficult for discount brands to fully challenge and erode the market of the big four, because grocery retail chains like Tesco command the store network market penetration and their market shares have existed for nearly 10 years. In relation to Tescos marketing mix and the intense price competition and dynamics in the market, two main recommendations can be made for Tesco to regain its lost market ground increased customer retention and an optimisation of its supply chain management to successfully recover its price leadership status. Due to the current intense competitiveness in the retail and food industry and the emergence of competitively low cost foreign supermarket chains, Tesco should firstly focus on increased levels of customer retention through the incorporation of effective customer relationship management systems. Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of customer satisfaction in relationship marketing and customer retention. Specifically, Hennig-Thurau and Klee (1998) conceptualise relationship quality which refers to the extent of appropriateness of a relationship to fulfil the needs and requirements of a customer with regards to the relationship. One way to do this is further integrate the Tesco Clubcard to present loyal customers with various financial product offerings besides current accounts, mortgages and home insurance (Tesco Clubcard Perks, 2015). This will form relationships based on two factors quality and value-for-money, which will translate into loyalty and protect the company from switching customers. In order to adequately target and foster loyalty in the right cu stomer base(s), Tesco should understand which customer satisfaction elements have the greatest impact, and the amount of investments required to improve particular customer satisfaction elements (Rust and Zahorik, 1993). The second recommendation for marketing strategy enhancement is directly related to Tescos supply chain management, which will enable the company to regain its lost market share through becoming a cost leader. Fearne (2009) suggests that in the current business context, companies must pursue a value chain as opposed to a supply chain, which represents a chain of activities performed, in order to deliver valuable products and services to customers. There are two elements that are emphasised in value chains: (1) focus on demand pull, which places customers first and everything else subordinate to their needs and (2) concentration on the formation of collaborative relationships with suppliers. According to the author, these two actions enable corporations and large organisations to achieve competitive edge and sustain it over time. For Tesco this would mean careful selection of suppliers and establishment of collaboration opportunities with these suppliers and stakeholders to increase the value added to the processes and/or production. For example, in Wales the company can form relationships with local farms to purchase the highest quality meat and, once supplier loyalty takes place, discount prices can be demanded from the meat producers in exchange for continuous bulk buying. This will allow Tesco to present its customers with quality local meat at low prices, which will positively influence its lost cost leadership presence in the market. To conclude, the present work established that Tescos generic marketing strategy is dual regular market penetration to attract competitions customers and cost leadership to retain price sensitive and cost conscious customers. In terms of its extended marketing mix, notable actions are: (1) offering a w ide range of product categories, from which groceries remain the most popular category, tremendously contributing to the Tescos market leadership position, (2) alignment of marketing messages, communication and relative pricing, (3) various marketing and advertising activities, but the integral one remaining the loyalty card, and (4) simplicity and convenience with regards to shopping alternatives and store design. Following the discussion of Tescos extended marketing mix, two areas for improvement were recommended an increased emphasis on customer retention and loyalty through novel customer relationship management mechanisms and the development of a supply chain that adds value to the manufacturing processes through collaborative relationships. 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