Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Religion Essay examples -- Mental Il

Obsessive Disorder and Religion Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) affects up to 2.1% of adults and features pervasive and intrusive thoughts that lead to repetitive uncontrollable behaviors aimed to reduce anxiety (APA, 2000). Further, these thoughts and behaviors impede and disrupt daily living and cause marked distress in the lives of the sufferer. The recurrent thoughts often center on fear of contamination, harming self or others, and illness (Himle, Chatters, Taylor, and Nguyen, 2011). Those who experience the compulsive behaviors associated with OCD report feeling as though they cannot stop or control the urge to perform the compulsive behavior and that the urge is alien or from outside conscious control. Behaviors often involve washing the hands or body, repeatedly checking, and mental acts such as counting and repeated prayers. (Himle, Chatters, Taylor, and Nguyen, 2011) According to Obsessive-Compulsive Working Group (1997, 2001, as cited by Abramowitz, Deacon, Woods, and Tolin, 2004) OCD can be classifi ed into six domains. The domains include inflated responsibility, beliefs about the importance of thoughts, importance of controlling thoughts, overestimation of threats, intolerance of uncertainty, and perfectionism. Inflated responsibility involve excessive feelings of responsibility for actions seen as harmful or failing to take action to prevent harm, whereas the domain of importance of thought involved attributing excessive authority or power to unwanted thoughts and beliefs. Similarly, the importance of controlling thoughts entailed the belief that one should be in control of every thought at all times. The unrealistic belief that unlikely events will always occur and bring with them extreme consequences characte... ...rurinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., & Pargament, K. I. (2009). Community attitudes towards culture-influenced mental illness: Scrupulosity vs. nonreligious OCD among Orthodox Jews. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(8), 949–958. doi:10.1002/jcop.20341 Rosmarin, D. H., Pirutinsky, S., & Siev, J. (2010). Recognition of scrupulosity and non-religious OCD by Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jews. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 930–944. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8.930 Siev, J., Baer, L., & Minichiello, W. E. (2011). Obsessive†compulsive disorder with predominantly scrupulous symptoms: Clinical and religious characteristics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(12), 1188–1196. doi:10.1002/jclp.20843 Yossifova, M., & Loewenthal, K. M. (1999). Religion and the judgment of obsessionality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 2(2), 145–151. doi:10.1080/13674679908406343

F1 Strategic Capabilities

LSMF 2015 – Management Strategique de la Technologie et de l’Innovation Seance # 4 — 1 LSMF 2015 Plan de la seance F1 – What it’s all about Strategic Capabilities Case Study Application: – – – What do you need in order to succeed in F1? Sustainable Competitive Advantage Why where they unable to keep their advantages? Conclusion et Discussion 2 LSMF 2015 1 F1 – What it’s all about History: 4 key moments 1945: FIA established Formula A as the premier level of motorsport 1950: A driver’s World Championship was introduced 1958: A constructor’s World Championship was introduced 1960: From a  « car test  » concept to a  « specialized business  » History: Big Names Juan Manuel Fangio (Champion in 1951-1954-1955-1956-1957) Nicky Lauda (Champion in 1975-1977-1984) Alain Prost (Champion in 1985-1986-1989-1993) Ayrton Senna (Champion in 1988-1990-1991) Michael Schumacher (Champion in 1994-1995-2000-2001-2002-2003-2004) 3 Next big champion? LSMF 2015 F1 – What it’s all about History: Last 10 world champions 2000 – 2004: Michael Schumacher (Ferrari) 2005 – 2006: Fernando Alonso (Renault) 2007: Kimi Raikonen (Ferrari) 2008: Lewis Hamilton (McLaren/Mercedes) 2009: Jenson Button (Brawn/Mercedes) History: Belgian in Formula 1 22 belgian drivers were at least once at the start of a F1 Grand Prix Thierry Boutsen: 1983-1993 (wins 3 races) Jacky Ickx: 1967-1979 (wins 8 races) Next? Jerome d’Ambrosio – Reserve Driver for Renault F1 in 2010 Bertrand Baguette – IndyCar Series for 2010 LSMF 2015 2 F1 – What it’s all about †¢ F1 season from March to November †¢ 24 drivers in 12 teams will run 19 races †¢ 2 Championships (Driver and Constructor) †¢ New rules every year (e. g. Points Awarded System in 2010) †¢ Sources of Revenue: Sponsorship and Prize money †¢ FOA (Formule One Administration) role consists in dividing up the royalties from medi a coverage and other revenues †¢ Motorsport Valley in Oxford, UK. 5 LSMF 2015 F1 – What it’s all about 6 LSMF 2015 3 F1 – Application What do you need in order to succeed in F1? In terms of resources and competences†¦ 7 LSMF 2015 F1 – Application Why do you think your team was successful during this period? 1. 2. 3. 4. Ferrari in the 1970’s McLaren and Honda in the 1980’s Williams in the 1990’s Ferrari between 1999 and 2003 LSMF 2015 8 4 F1 – Application Which of these resources and competences can be considered as a source of sustainable competitive advantage? 9 LSMF 2015 Capabilities for Sustainable Competitive Advantage We usually use 4 factors to identify which capabilities might provide a competitive advantage: 1. 2. 3. Value Rarity Create values for the customers Are rare Inimitable Through complexity, culture and history, and causal ambiguity (= difficulty to discern the causes and the effects underpinning an organisation advantage) Non-substituability cfr. Substitutes in the 5 forces analysis 4. 10 LSMF 2015 5 F1 – Application The answer is†¦ None ! 11 LSMF 2015 F1 – Application Why were they unable to sustain this success? What could they have done? 12 LSMF 2015 6

Market Share Essay Example For Free At Magic Help - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2540 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? The objective of this essay is to examine the current marketing strategy and marketing activities of one of the big 4 supermarkets in the United Kingdom with particular reference to the adverse effect produced by low cost competitors entering the market. For this purpose, Tesco has been selected. Tesco represents one of Britains largest and most profitable supermarket, which overtook ASDA in 1995 and continued to increase its market share through the years (Corporate Watch, 2004; Ruddick, 2015). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Market Share Essay Example For Free At Magic Help" essay for you Create order In addition, Tesco was the first supermarket to (1) introduce value lines and cost effective price range of its own-label products and (2) present the first company loyalty card on the market (Corporate Watch, 2004). Therefore, it becomes plausible to suggest that the company is an excellent choice for a marketing strategy analysis in the current declining grocery retail environment of British brands. The structure of this essay is as follows: (1) a brief overview of Tescos generic marketing strategy, (2) an in-depth evaluation of the supermarkets existent marketing actions and tactics with the aid of the its marketing mix, (3) the impact of low cost competitors, (4) recommendations and suggestions for improvement, and (5) a summary of the main findings. The supermarkets broad market strategy can be categorised as market penetration and cost leadership. Firstly, market penetration has been defined by Ansoff (1957) to explain one of four business growth strategies. The strategy ref ers to involves attracting new customers, often achieved by gaining competitors customer base(s), in order to increase sales. Furthermore, Farris et al. (2010) identify two important metrics of market penetration penetration rate and penetration share. On the one hand, the penetration rate refers to the proportion of the relevant study population that has purchased the examined product category. On the other hand, the comparison between the brands customer shares with the markets overall customer population relates to penetration share. In relation to this, a key aspect in Tescos market strategy is attracting competitors customers (e.g. ASDA, Sainsbury, Morrisons), which is evidenced by its increased market penetration rate and share from 7.2% in 1971 to its peak in 2007 when Tesco accounted for 31.1% of the total UK grocery market share (Economics Help, 2014). In addition, according to data from March the current market share of Tesco is 28.7%, which positions the company as a mar ket share leader in the British groceries industry, however, this figure has decreased from the previous financial years (Kantar, 2015). Secondly, before the introduction of discount supermarkets, the company focused on cost leadership, which represents one of the three generic strategies devised by Porter (1980). Cost leadership relates to increasing ones market share through attracting price sensitive customers and implementing an effective price strategy that enables the company to offer the lowest cost product offerings. Tesco successfully managed to maintain cost leadership through three actions before supermarkets like Aldi and Lidl entered the British grocery retail market. These actions were as follow: (1) high utilisation of assets, meaning that large outputs are produced and the fixed costs are spread over high quantities allowing the company to manufacture single units at lower costs; (2) minimal direct and indirect costs in the production and distribution stages; and (3) strict control over the supply chain to ensure low costs (Gamble et al., 2010). Thus, the cost leadership strategy was an appropriate approach for Tesco, because it represents a large company that is able to take advantage of the economies of scale in the market. Nevertheless, presently the company is unsuccessful in maintaining its cost leadership due to the strong presence of budget supermarkets. The following part of the essay will specifically focus on the Marketing mix of Tesco product, place, price, promotion, which provides a better understanding of the companys present marketing strategy. Firstly, Tesco offers its target segments a wide range of high quality products at affordable prices. The balance between affordability and quality as well as Tescos Clubcard helped the company attain a relatively high level of competitive advantage (Winterman, 2013). Some of its various product categories consist of food, consumer electronics, financial services and clothing. This is in consistency with the findings from a study on customer perceived value, where four separate dimensions emerged explaining customer attitudes and behaviours emotional, social, quality and value for money (Sweeney and Soutar, 2001). Similarly, FernÃÆ' ¡ndez and Iniesta-Bonillo (2007) found that customers evaluate relevant benefits and costs involved in a purchase based on economic and cognitive reasoning. Secondly, the place element of the marketing mix refers to the distribution of products in locations where customers purchase products and services. In relation to this, Tesco emphasises product and service distribution in two main locations online and offline. On the one hand, the online sales channel is directly linked to Tescos website Tesco Direct, which suits the specific needs of the online shoppers presenting them with various delivery options (Tesco Direct, 2015). On the other hand, the offline channel of distribution involves four different store formats Tesc o Express, Tesco Metro, Tesco Compact and Tesco Superstore (Tesco Official website, 2015). Furthermore, Tescos initial pricing strategy can be characterised as price leadership, which represented an oligopolistic business behaviour, where there are a few companies that dominate the market and determine the price range (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). The reason behind this price strategy adoption was the intense competition and other economic and behavioural factors in the British households i.e. cost conscious buyers (Business CafÃÆ' ©, 2009). Nonetheless, the company is no longer a price leader, but its pricing approach is still based on the marketing message Every Little Helps. In addition, Tesco is able to implement this strategy and remain to influence the retail market to a certain extent, because it evaluates and utilises the lowest cost materials for supply to achieve higher efficiency rates in the production processes. Fourthly, Tescos promotion comprises of a wide ra nge of media advertisements, regular announcements of promotions and discounts, point-of-sale marketing tactics, and sponsorships. These marketing activities are aligned with the companys generic strategy of cost leadership and support Tescos price advantage through profit maximisation in the long run as well as enhance the value of the brand. Hence, Tescos marketing communications are integrated to enable the company to better coordinate its mission, vision, objectives and interactivity with customers. With the aid of information technology advances (Zabkar et al., 2015). Integrated Marketing Communications were also found to generate a synergy effect through the integration of marketing activities, which also tremendously influences customers through different channels of communications reinforcing the same message (Ewing et al. 2015) Tesco has successfully managed to build loyalty in its customer segments through its most effective customer loyalty mechanism the Tesco Clubcard ( Tesco Clubcard, 2015). In relation to this, Hallowell (1996) found a direct correlation between customer satisfaction, loyalty and company profitability. Likewise, Lee-Kelley et al. (2003) suggest that customer retention tools not only aim to increase the companys profitability, but also establish long term relationships between sellers and buyers, which are fundamental to customer loyalty and also result in decreased levels of price sensitivity. Tescos marketing strategy, which comprises of cost leadership and market penetration, has been increasingly impacted by the presence of the foreign grocery store chains Aldi and Lidl as well as food commodity prices and the outcome of this has been continuous price cuts by Tesco to meet the customer demand for low cost product offerings (Butler and Wood, 2014). Furthermore, the authors suggest that further intensification of the market dynamics is caused by the growth of high street convenience stores and the rise of discounters (e.g. Po undland and BM), which is directly correlated to the altered consumer behaviour habits during the recession. In addition, business analysis of the current grocery retail market conditions suggest that Aldi and Lidls combined market share will increase to 12%-15% by 2020 (Allison, 2015). Nevertheless, according to a press release by KPMG (2014), it will be difficult for discount brands to fully challenge and erode the market of the big four, because grocery retail chains like Tesco command the store network market penetration and their market shares have existed for nearly 10 years. In relation to Tescos marketing mix and the intense price competition and dynamics in the market, two main recommendations can be made for Tesco to regain its lost market ground increased customer retention and an optimisation of its supply chain management to successfully recover its price leadership status. Due to the current intense competitiveness in the retail and food industry and the emergence of competitively low cost foreign supermarket chains, Tesco should firstly focus on increased levels of customer retention through the incorporation of effective customer relationship management systems. Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of customer satisfaction in relationship marketing and customer retention. Specifically, Hennig-Thurau and Klee (1998) conceptualise relationship quality which refers to the extent of appropriateness of a relationship to fulfil the needs and requirements of a customer with regards to the relationship. One way to do this is further integrate the Tesco Clubcard to present loyal customers with various financial product offerings besides current accounts, mortgages and home insurance (Tesco Clubcard Perks, 2015). This will form relationships based on two factors quality and value-for-money, which will translate into loyalty and protect the company from switching customers. In order to adequately target and foster loyalty in the right cu stomer base(s), Tesco should understand which customer satisfaction elements have the greatest impact, and the amount of investments required to improve particular customer satisfaction elements (Rust and Zahorik, 1993). The second recommendation for marketing strategy enhancement is directly related to Tescos supply chain management, which will enable the company to regain its lost market share through becoming a cost leader. Fearne (2009) suggests that in the current business context, companies must pursue a value chain as opposed to a supply chain, which represents a chain of activities performed, in order to deliver valuable products and services to customers. There are two elements that are emphasised in value chains: (1) focus on demand pull, which places customers first and everything else subordinate to their needs and (2) concentration on the formation of collaborative relationships with suppliers. According to the author, these two actions enable corporations and large organisations to achieve competitive edge and sustain it over time. For Tesco this would mean careful selection of suppliers and establishment of collaboration opportunities with these suppliers and stakeholders to increase the value added to the processes and/or production. For example, in Wales the company can form relationships with local farms to purchase the highest quality meat and, once supplier loyalty takes place, discount prices can be demanded from the meat producers in exchange for continuous bulk buying. This will allow Tesco to present its customers with quality local meat at low prices, which will positively influence its lost cost leadership presence in the market. To conclude, the present work established that Tescos generic marketing strategy is dual regular market penetration to attract competitions customers and cost leadership to retain price sensitive and cost conscious customers. In terms of its extended marketing mix, notable actions are: (1) offering a w ide range of product categories, from which groceries remain the most popular category, tremendously contributing to the Tescos market leadership position, (2) alignment of marketing messages, communication and relative pricing, (3) various marketing and advertising activities, but the integral one remaining the loyalty card, and (4) simplicity and convenience with regards to shopping alternatives and store design. Following the discussion of Tescos extended marketing mix, two areas for improvement were recommended an increased emphasis on customer retention and loyalty through novel customer relationship management mechanisms and the development of a supply chain that adds value to the manufacturing processes through collaborative relationships. It is important that Tesco understands its customers needs and suppliers requirements, because the competition in the grocery retail industry has never been more severe due to business environments being dictated by the customers and the s uppliers. In other words, market orientation is no longer dominated by supply push exchanges and transactions, but by devising marketing strategies and promotions based on customer research and feedback. References Allison, I. (2015), Aldi and Lidl to consume 4% more of Tesco, Morrison, Asda and Sainsburys marketshare by 2020, [Online], Available at: https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/aldi-lidl-consume-4-more-tesco-morrison-asda-sainsburys-marketshare-by-2020-1505572?bcsi_scan_F872AB84FAA8A40E=3KZ+wD5+BA0QaUGyNZBt2R7iyyFnAAAAAe/zaw== Ansoff, I. H. (1957), Strategies for diversification, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, p. 113-124. Business CafÃÆ' © (2009), Tesco pricing strategy The big price drop, [Online], Available at: https://www.tutor2u.net/assets/cafe/1011-tescopricing.pdf Butler, S. and Wood, Z. (2014), UK grocery sales in decline for first time in 20 years, [Online], Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/18/uk-grocery-sales-decline-price-war-asda-sainsburys-morrisons-tesco Corporate Watch, (2004), Tesco: Overview, [Online], Available at: https://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/company-profiles/tesco-overview Economics Help (2014), UK Grocery Market Sh are, [Online], Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/6288/economics/uk-grocery-market-share/ Ewing, M., deBussy, N. and Ramaseshan, B. (2015), Integrated Marketing Communications: Conflicts of Interest, Politics and Performance, Proceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, pp. 265-272. Farris, P., Bendle, N., Pfeifer, P. and Reibstein, D. (2010), Marketing Metrics: The Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Fearne, A. (2009), Sustainable Food and Wine Value Chain, Adelaide Thinker in Residence Report, [Online], Available at: https://www.thinkers.sa.gov.au/lib/pdf/Fearne_Final_ReportCopyforWeb.pdf FernÃÆ' ¡ndez, R. and Iniesta-Bonillo, M. (2007), The Concept of Perceived Value: A Systematic Review of the Research, Marketing Theory, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 427-451. Gamble, A., Thompson, Jr., A.J. Strickland III, John E. (2010). Crafting and executing strategy: the q uest for competitive advantage: concepts and cases (17th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hallowell, R. (1996), The relationships of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profitability: an empirical study, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp.27 42 Hennig-Thurau, T. and Klee, A. (1998), The Impact of Customer Satisfaction and Relationship Quality on Customer Retention: A Critical Reassessment and Model Development, Psychology Marketing, Vol. 14, No. 8, pp. 737-764. Kantar (2015), Tesco posts strongest performance in 18 months, [Online], Available at: https://uk.kantar.com/consumer/shoppers/2015/march-kantar-worldpanel-uk-grocery-share/ KPMG (2014), The future of the grocery sector in the UK, [Online], Available at: https://www.kpmg.com/uk/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/newsreleases/pages/the-future-of-the-grocery-sector-in-the-uk.aspx Leeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Kelley, L., Gilbert, D. and Mannicom, R. (2003), How eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ ?CRM can enhance customer loyalty, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp.239 248 Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2010), Principles of Marketing, 13ed, Oxford: Pearson Prentice Hall. Porter, Michael E. (1980). Competitive Strategy. Cambridge: Free Press. Ruddick, G. (2015), Tesco leads the way as supermarket sales turned on their head, [Online], Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11460945/Tesco-leads-the-way-as-supermarket-sales-turned-on-their-head.html Rust, R. and Zahorik, A. (1993), Customer Satisfaction, Customer Retention and Market Share, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 193-215. Sweeney, J. and Soutar, G. (2001), Consumer Perceived Value: The Development of a Multi-item Scale, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 203-220. Tesco Clubcard (2015), [Online], Available at: https://www.tesco.com/clubcard/ Tesco Clubcard Perks (2015), [Online], Available at: https://www.tesco.com/clubcard/ financial-deals/ Tesco Direct, (2015), [Online], Available at: https://www.tesco.com/direct/click-and-collect/?icid=Floor%20Lamps_Click+Collect_186900029 Tesco Official website (2015), [Online], Available at: https://www.tesco.com/ Winterman, D. (2013), Tesco: How One Supermarket Came to Dominate, [Online], Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23988795 Zabkar, V., Mumel, D. and Vanita, N. (2015), Is Management Involvement in Integrated Marketing Communications Reasonable?, Advances in Advertising Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 283-294.

Harriet Tubman Essay Outline - 911 Words

Edge, 2 Harriet Tubman The Underground Railroad was a secret system of individuals who assisted fugitive slaves in their quest for freedom prior to the Civil War. The term, used between 1830-1860, refers to the swift, â€Å"invisible† way in which the slaves escaped. Usually they hid during the day and moved at night. Coffin says: â€Å"fugitive slaves relied heavily on fellow slaves and free blacks, who rarely betray them.† (Coffin, 2006). The most famous black leader in the movement was Harriet Tubman, a nonliterate runaway slave who became the â€Å"Moses† of her people. Bay Back Books stated: â€Å"Harriet Tubman had been a liberator, a woman who stood up to slave power, and a warrior whose actions spoke louder than words†. Clinton says that her†¦show more content†¦She had a closely knit band, included several men and women and they became an official scouting service for the Department of the South. Their confidence led to the Combahee River in J une of 1862, a military operation that marked a turning point in Tubmans career. Ceinton said â€Å"All of her attacks upon the Confederacy Had been purposefully clandestine. She didn’t remain anonymous with her prominent role in that military operation† The raid up the Combahee River was a twisting waterway approximately 10 miles north of Beaufort where Tubman and her comrades were stationed. They were commenced when the Federal gunboats Harriet A. Weed and John Adams made their way into the river shortly before midnight of June 2nd, 1863. Tubman accompanied 150 African-American troops from the second South Carolina Infantry and their white officers aboard John Adams, the black soldiers were particularly relieved that their lives had been entrusted, not only to Colonel Montgomery, but also to the famed â€Å"Moses†. Meanwhile, a company of the second South Carolina Capitan Carver landed and deployed at Tar Bluff, 2 miles north of Fields Point. Civil War Times s aid he 2 ships steamed upriver to the Nichols Plantation, where Harriet A. Weed anchored. She also guided the boats and men to designated shoreline points where fugitive slaves were hiding out. Once â€Å"all clear† wasShow MoreRelatedHarriet Tubman And The Underground Railroad1097 Words   |  5 Pages liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other.† (Background Essay) Harriet Tubman was born Araminta Ross in 1822 in Dorchester, Maryland. She was born a slave and would be, until she ran away in 1849. After she ran away she did many great deeds, but how do you define greatness. Based off the length of time, risk, and number of people helped, there is a clear outline for greatness. Harriet Tubman had many great achievements throughout her life. She was a spy, a nurse, and a caregiver

Analysis Of The Song Atlantis By Bridgit Mendler And...

Deep in Atlantis Poetry, to many, is too confusing to waste time on. Given how detailed and complex many pieces can be, it is understable as to why people think this way. Poetry requires thought and analysis, depth and rhythm, emotion and intrigue. In order to fully grasp a poem, one must analyze its meaning first. However, we live in a world surrounded by poetry, even in places we do not acknowledge. Books can be poetry. Advertisements can be poetry. Songs can be poetry. Poetry is all around if you choose to look hard enough. Then that poses the question, what exactly is poetry? How can something that isn’t seen as a poem be considered poetic? The song Atlantis, written and performed by Bridgit Mendler and Kaiydo, can be considered as such for a variety of reasons; including it’s ambiguous tone, rhythmic speech, and it’s desire to be interpreted. In a sense, poetry is language condensed. Short sentences with great meaning that needs to be unpacked and unfolded in order to see what a phrase truly means. In music, both lyrically and cinematically, actions and words can have a deeper meaning than they initially carry and what can be assumed from a first glance over. Poetry makes people think. It isn’t as simple as its surface level may seem. In poetry everything has a meaning. The author placed a line there for a reason; it brings something to the story. Poetry, also, is not limited to just one interpretation. It can be interpreted and analyzed on a plethera of different

What Is History Example For Students

What Is History? 1.Ano ang Kasaysayan? Ang kasaysayan ay mga nakatakdang pangyayari na naganap sa nakaraan tungkol sa isang tao, institusyon o lugar. Ang kasaysayan ay nagsisilbing paalala at tulong sa atin upang maging mabuting mamamayan. Makatutulong din sa bawat Pilipino na maging mabuting bahagi ng kasaysayan ng bansa. 2. Sino ang mga unang historyador? Herodotus, kilalang ama ng kasaysayan. Masasabi rin na siya ang nagpasimuno ng sistematikong paraan ng pagsusulat ng kasaysayan. Ang paraan niya ay ang pangangalap ng materyales at tingnan kung tugma ang mga ito bilang naratibo. Kahit hindi laging tumpak ang kanyang gawa, sinasabi lamang niya na isinusulat lamang niya ang ano ang kanyang natagpuan. Thucydides, historyador na nagsulat ng libro ukol sa laban ng Sparta at Athens. Di tulad ni Herodotus, siya ay sumangguni sa mga nakasulat na dokumento at nagpanayam ng mga katauhan ng pangyayari. Siya rin ang nagsimula ng scientific approach sa pagtatala ng kasaysayan. 3. Paano pinag-aaralan ang kasaysayan? Noong simula, ang paraan ni Herodotus ay ang pangangalap ng mga records at pagsama-samahin ito para makabuo ng tala ng kasaysayan. Si Thucydides naman ay nagsasagawa ng mga panayam sa mga taong may kinalaman sa pangyayari. Ngayon, para pag-aralan ang kasaysayan, ang historyador ay naghahanap ng ebidensya ukol sa history, pag-aaralan and ebidensya na ito, unawain ang epekto ng ebidensya na ito sa kasaysayan ng pinag-aaralan. 4. Kailan naging disiplina ang kasaysayan? Noong panahon nila Herodotus, historyador and tawag sa kanila dahil ang pagsulat ng kasaysayan ang kanilang ginagawa. Masasabing disiplina ito noong panahan pa na iyon dahil sa pagkaroon ng sistemang paraan ng pag-aral dito. 5. Saan umusbong ang kasaysayan? Sa Greece ito umusbong dahil kay Herodotus, ang ama ng kasaysayan. 6. Anu-ano ang mga unang paksa sa kasysayan? Mga digmaan ang pinagusapan ng unang mga historyador tulad ni Herodotus at Thucydides. 7. Anu-ano ang mga larangang kaugnay sa kasaysayan? Anthropology, Philosophy, Economics, Geography, Religion, Art, Literature, Political theory, Military history, Cultural history B. COMPREHENSION 2.1. Bakit nila naisipan pag-aralan ang kasaysayan? Unang-una, ito ay tumutulong sa atin para mas maunawaan at maintindihan ang mga iba’t ibang lipunan at mga klase ng tao. Nagbibigay rin ito sa atin ng â€Å"factual† na informasyon kung paano tayo naging isang lipunan, at naibabase rin dito ang kaalaman na kailangan natin para kung nais rin natin subukan hulaan ang ating kinabukasan. Ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ay nagsisilbi ring isang libangan para sa mga ibang tao na mahilig makinig ng iba’t ibang isorya ng paglalakbay at â€Å"development† ng o sa lipunan. Nagbibigay rin ito ng identidad at moral na pang-unawa sa mga pangyayari sa buhay ng tao, nagiging kagamitan rin ito para sa pag sasaliksik at paglilikha ng mga moral o ‘di-moral na desisyon. 2.2. Paano sila naging kapani-paniwala? Naging kapani-paniwala ang mga historyador dahil sa kanilang papel at mga istoria na naiintindihan at pinaniniwalaan ng mga masa. Dahil ang masa nga lang naman ang pwede talaga manghusga kung may katotoohan ba talaga o wala, yong sinusulat o kinikwento ng isang historyador. Dagdag pa rito, nangalap ng mga ebidensya ang mga historyador at sumangguni sa iba’t ibang tao upang maitala lamang ang mga nangyari sa nakalipas. Mas nagkaroon ng katotohanan ang kanilang mga tala dahil sa mga sangguniang ito. 4.1. Bakit naging displina ang kasaysayan? Dahil ang simple at walang istraktura na pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ay hindi sapat kumpara sa mga madami nitong mabuti na naidudulot at sa dami ng tao na mahilig mag-aral ng kasaysayan. Napakadami nitong gamit—hindi sapat ang simple, walang direksyon na pag-aaral lamang, at sa sobrang lawak ng kasaysayan, kinakailangan ng mahusay na pag-aaral kung paano sumulat ng kasaysayan. Halimbawa hindi makakapagbigay ng desisyon ang isang presidente hanggang hindi n’ya ito tinitignan, kung ano ang mga naidudulot nito. 4.2. Paano ang isang paksa ay nagiging bahagi ng kasaysayan? Ano ang mga pagbabago sa pananaw ng kasaysayan noong nagging disiplina ito? Ano ang epekto ng pagiginga disiplina ng kasaysayan? Sa buong mundo, ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ay isang importanteng elemento sa pagkuha ng edukasyong liberal arts. Ang kaalaman sa kasaysayan ay kailangan upang maintindihan natin ang mga satili natin at kung saan tayo nababagay sa mundo. Bilang disiplina, ang kasaysayan ang pag-aaral sa nakaraan. Mga historyador ay siyang mismo nag-aaral at nag-iinterpret sa mga nangyari sa nakaraan. Upang gawin ito dapat nilang makahanap ng ebidensya tungkol sa nakaraan at beripikahin ang impormasyong nakalap at hanapin ang tamang eksplenasyon na maari maging sagot sa tanong na nanggaling sa mga ebidensya. Ang impormasyon na ito ay maaring tungkol sa mga tao, pangyayari, lugar at mga iba’t ibang kapanahunan at mahirap kalapin at pag-aaralin ang mga ito. Dahil dito, napag-isipan ng mga historyador na gumawa ng iba’t ibang espesiyalidad na nag-coconcetrate lamang sa isang paksa ng kasaysayan sa loob ng disiplina nito. Naging mas malawak at mas kontrolado ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan. Ito ay nagbigay ng parang guideline o gabay upang makakamit ng mas kapani-paniwala at mas intelektwal na tala ng mga nangyari sa nakaraan. Maaring pag-aaralin ng mga historyador ang mga grupo ng tao (katulad ng mga Asyano o ang mga babae sa E uropa), pwede rin silang magsaliksik sa mga pangyayari noon (katulad ng 2010 eleksyon, o ang ikalawang pandaigdigang digmaan), pwede rin ang isang lugar (katulad ng Mactan Island o mga territorya ng Roman Empire noon) O pwede rin ang paghahalo ng iba’t ibang paksa upang makabuo ng pananaliksik na mas comprehensibo at mas may impormasyon (katulad ng Medieval History o ung Kasayasayan ng Pilipinas). Nasa baba ang listahan ng itinuturing pinag-aaralang paksa ng kasaysayan sa loob ng saklaw ng AghamPanlipunan kung saan dito nagiging disiplina ang kasaysayan. 1. Antropolohiya tumatalakay sa sangkatauhan at ang mga pinanggalingan nito 2. Agham Pampulitika tumatalakay sa pagtakbo ng pamahalaan at ang mga batas na sinusunod ng tao. (ang pamahalaan noon hanggang ngayon) 3. Sikolohiya pag-aaral sa pag-iisip ng mga tao; mga ideolohiya ng mga sinaunang tao 4. Pilopsopiya pag-aaral sa pagtuklas ng katotohanan; mga pamantayang moral 5. Ekonomiks kung papaano tinugunan ng tao ang kanilang mga pangangailangan; kung paano nagsimula ang kalakalan; ang pagkakaroon ng pera bilang midyum ng pagpapalitan 6. Teolohiya mga pag-aaral ng relihiyon; mga relihiyon na pinagbabatayan ng mga batas 7. Sosyolohiya pag-aaral sa kapaligiran ng tao (lipunan); kung paano namuhay ang mga tao sa isang tiyak na lugar 8. Heograpiya tumutukoy sa teritoryo; ang pisikal na kaanyuan ng isang lugar Maliban sa pag-control at paglawak ng saklaw ng pag-aaral tungkol sa kasaysayan, ang mga historyador din ay nakagawa ng iba’t ibang paraan upang masagot ang mga tanong ng nakaraan. Halimbawa, pwede nilang tignan ang mga diskurso tungkol sa cultural at relihiyosong relasyon ng mga kasaysayan ng mga tao na pinag-aaralan nila. O kaya ang pang-economic at pampolitikang kasaysayan ng isang bansa, pwede rin ung tala tungkol sa pag-aaral ng paligiran ng isang lugar sa kapanahunan ng modernisasyon. Dahil, iba iba ang mga paraan ng mga historyador upang manaliksik at magsulat ng kasaysayan at dahil nagbibigay ng iba’t ibang perspektibo at iba’t ibang tanong ang indibidwal na historyador, masasabi natin na ang interpretasyong historical ay palaging nagbabago at nag-iiba para sa ikabubuti nito. Ang kasaysayan ngayon ay maituturing na ngayon na â€Å"dynamic† at â€Å"evolving†. Ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ay hindi na tungkol sa mga â€Å"facts† at mga petsa, ang pag-aaral nito ay tungkol na sa pag-intindi sa kung paano basahin at i-interpret ang nakaraan. Dahil ang pagbigay ng atensyon tungkol dito ay siyang importanteng part ng pag-unlad ng buhay ng ating lipunan sa mga susunod na henerasyon. References: http://www.katig.com/english-D.html http://www.historians.org/pubs/Free/WhyStudyHistory.htm http://www.maybenow.com/Ano-ang-kasaysayan-at-kahalagahan-nito-q14094881 http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/diamond/diamond_p2.html Meningitis : What Is The History Of The Disease, Where Was It First Discovered?1. Be observant. There are a lot of things going on in the surroundings, and some of them might have really big impacts on current issues and stances. 2. Try keeping a record of important events. These events should be significant to the historian or to the society he’s moving in. One can try making portfolios of cutout newspaper articles, or writing reactions and essays about those articles. Or even pictures can be collected in albums so that one can re-view them in the future. 3. Write about debates and take a stand. When immersed in a serious debate, one must rely on actual data published, written, or oral. Historians can never reason out with pure hypothesis only. When one writes about debates, he employs his mind to think critically and find deeper meanings of the various arguments presented. 4. Be detached from what you will write. Nothing can affect history greater but personal biases. As much as possible, reason out from clear, concise logical steps rather than just judging through emotions. Reference http://cliopolitical.blogspot.com/2005/08/introduction-to-historical-method_26.html M,Hughes-Warrington. How Good An Historian Shall I Be. Imprint Academic, 2003. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/history/21h-931-seminar-in-historical-methods-spring-2004/index.htm F. EVALUATION 1. Tama bang ituring na disiplina ang kasaysayan? Dapat nga ituring na disiplina ang kasaysayan. Mayroong ibat ibang dahilan para suportahan ang pagiging disiplina ng kasaysayan. Isang dahilan ay para maintindihan natin kung pano nag-iisip ang mga tao. Hindi lahat ng mga nangyayari sa kasalukuyan ay magbibigay ng malalim na pagkakaintindi kung paano kumikilos ang mga tao. Kailangan din pag-aralan ang mga nangyari nung nakaraang panahon para mabigyan tayo ng mas mabuting tingin sa pamumuhay ng mga tao noon at ikumpara ito sa pamumuhay ngayon. Makikita dito kung ano ang mga nangyari noon para umabot ang mga tao sa kinaroroonan nila ngayon. Isa pang dahilan ay para magbigay ng identidad sa ibat ibang lahi sa buong mundo. Pag-aaralan ang mga nakaraan ng bawat pamilya para malaman kung may mga mahahalagang nagawa ang mga ninuno at kung makakagawa ng bagong identidad batay sa mga natutunan. 2. Makabubuti ba ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan sa mga tao? Totoong makabubuti ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan sa mga tao. Isa katwiran nito ay ang pagiging mas mabuting tao dahil sa kasaysayan. Kung pinapag-aralan ang kasaysayan ng sariling bansa, mas mabibigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang kultura ng bansa. Hindi lang sa pagiging nasyonalismo ang pagbabago na mararanasan ng mga tao. Pwede rin gumaling ang mga tao sa mga kakayahan nila tulad ng pagtatasa. Kaugnay din dito ay ang pagbibigay ng pagkakataon sa mga tao gamitin ang kanilang natutunan tungkol sa kasaysayan para makakuha ng trabaho. Isa pang katwiran nito ay ang pagtulong ng kasaysayan ng sariling bansa o ibang bansa sa paglutas ng mga problema ng bansa. Isang halimbawa nito ang EDSA Revolution. Ipinakita nung pangyayari na yun na kaya ng mga tao tumapos ng problema kahit walang giyera.

The description of Julias Essay Example

The description of Julias Paper Murder mysteries have been evolving for decades. The Adventure of The Speckled Band by Arthur Conan Doyle is one of the most fascinating mysteries. This came out in the late 19th century and has turned out to be one the famous mysteries of Sherlock Holmes. The Adventure of The Speckle Band fits into the literary tradition as it is a typical story. It has all the typical ingredients which include: a typical structure, typical characters, typical setting, tension and suspense and also follows the basic rules of a murder mysteries. The villain is usually close to the victim and the victim is usually a woman who is defenseless. On the historical content women have been typically known as the victims but now have a different role in todays society. They are not made out to be the victim but are detectives themselves. The story follows a typical structure of murder mysteries. Firstly, it follows the basic rules of murder mysteries, the first rule being the reader should be given equal opportunity with the detective for solving the mystery. This is shown by Watson giving us clues needed for solving the mystery. We will write a custom essay sample on The description of Julias specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The description of Julias specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The description of Julias specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Secondly, no tricks should be played on the reader. In this mystery the reader is given equal opportunity and no tricks are played. Thirdly, the detective himself should never turn out to be the culprit. This is proved by the villain being caught in the end. Another rule is that, the culprit should turn out to be someone who has played an important part in the mystery and with whom the reader is familiar with. This is proved by Dr. Roylott being the stepfather of Helen and Julia Stoner. Lastly, the motives for all crimes should be personal. Dr. Roylott needed to keep the money which had to be given to Julia upon her marriage and she was going to get married in a fortnight. This was a perfect opportunity for him. As well as that, this murder mystery has a whodunit structure, the it being the death of Julia Stoner and who being whoever caused her death. This engages the reader by all the questions running through their mind. Furthermore, The Speckle Band has an exposition, investigation, climax, and resolution format. Firstly, the exposition is when Helen reveals all the facts to Holmes and the mysterious circumstances of Julias death. In the revelation we learn about Dr. Roylotts past. This raises the readers interest straight away. The investigation takes place when Holmes and Watson go down to Stoke Moran to search for clues. This allows the reader to try and solve the case for themselves. The climax is when Holmes and Watson are playing a waiting game in Julias room. The mystery is then resolved with Holmes cracking the case and with the violent death of the murderer. The story has a typical setting as Stoke Moran Manor House is suitably gloomy, menacing, and unsafe. Some scaffolding has been erected against the end wall, and the stone work had been broken. This shows that the house is partially dilapidated and looks like it has a lot history. Also, Dr. Roylott keeps a cheetah and a baboon leaving Helen with no feeling of security unless the doors were locked from the inside. This shows that there is very little security at Stoke Moran Manor House. As well as that, there are gypsies on the grounds. This shows they too could be suspects as they have been lurking around the premises. Lastly the house has a sense of isolation Helen feels that she has no company which makes her feel lonely. Sherlock Holmes is a typical detective as he is a male private detective which is stereotypical. He is cleverer than the police force as he solves the case before anyone else and is described as Scotland Yard Jack in the Office. Also, Holmes is chivalrous towards Helen and he tries to save her from Dr. Roylott. This shows he is good at his job and caring and considerate towards Helen because he probably feels sorry for her.